Maximum power point tracking based on improved sliding mode control Abdelkader Ouacel, Benalia M’hamdi, Tahar Benaissa, Abderrahmane Amari, Matilde Pietrafesa and Mario Versaci Eur. Phys. J. Plus, 140 4 (2025) 340 Published online: 25 April 2025 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06264-6