The cosmology of gravity: constraining the background and perturbed dynamics Shambel Sahlu, Alnadhief H. A. Alfedeel and Amare Abebe Eur. Phys. J. C, 84 9 (2024) 982 Published online: 27 September 2024 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13307-2